Tips & Tricks
Investigations of the Influence of Crucible Geometry on the Combustion of Different Carbon Black Samples
The methods of thermogravimetry (TGA) are particularly well suited for the investigation of combustion processes.
They allow for rapid conclusions regarding the Thermal StabilityA material is thermally stable if it does not decompose under the influence of temperature. One way to determine the thermal stability of a substance is to use a TGA (thermogravimetric analyzer). thermal stability of the mostly solid fuel, as well as the reaction temperature and combustion kinetics. Furthermore, both the mass loss during a combustion reaction and the non-combustible mineral Ash ContentThe ash is a measure of the mineral oxide content on a weight basis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in an oxidative atmosphere is a well-proven method to determine the inorganic residue, commonly referred to ash, in organic materials such as polymers, rubbers, etc. Therefore, the TGA measurement will identify if a material is filled and calculates the total filler content.ash content can be quantified. Contrary to other reactions such as decompositions or the release of humidity or solvents, combustion is a solid-gas reaction. Therefore, not only must all of the customary parameters such as sample mass, heating rate, and purge gas flow be kept constant, but the measurement results are also influenced by the sample surface, the concentration of oxygen and the crucible geometry, all of which can limit access to the solid sample by the reaction gas.
To pursue this issue, a series of measurements was carried out with a NETZSCH STA using different crucible geometries under otherwise identical test conditions.
The different crucibles are shown in figures 1 and 3; among them is also a pierced DTA crucible which is shown on an enlarged scaling in figure 2 [1].
The investigated Carbon BlackTemperature and atmosphere (purge gas) affect the mass change results. By changing the atmosphere from, e.g., nitrogen to air during the TGA measurement, separation and quantification of additives, e.g., carbon black, and the bulk polymer can become possible.carbon black samples are different standard samples such as NIST 2975, Printex 90, activated carbon and carbon balls. These have a diameter of approximately 1 mm to 2 mm and an inorganic structure. The mean particle size of the remaining samples is indicated between 20 nm and 50 nm.
Result: For the investigation of Carbon BlackTemperature and atmosphere (purge gas) affect the mass change results. By changing the atmosphere from, e.g., nitrogen to air during the TGA measurement, separation and quantification of additives, e.g., carbon black, and the bulk polymer can become possible.carbon black NIST 2975, the crucible types presented in figure 1 were employed. The relationships between the crucible diameter and the filling level of the samples (for the same sample mass) can be seen in figure 3 and table 1.
Dimensions of the crucibles shown in figure 1
Dimensions | Slip-on plate | Short DTA crucible | DTA crucible | DTA crucible, pierced | Mini DTA* |
Ø outer | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 5 |
Ø inner | 10 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
Height | 0 | 3 | 12 | 12 |
* for comparison only; this crucible is not part of the NETZSCH crucible product assortment
When using oxygen as a purge gas, small differences between the various crucible geometries can already be found with regard to the combustion temperature and with regard to the rate of combustion (DTG) (figure 4). If, however, the concentration of oxygen in the purge gas is reduced to 20% (figure 5) or 5% (figure 6), the crucible geometry appears to play an increasingly important role. The pierced DTA crucible and the slip-on plate obviously allow for a better access of the reaction gas oxygen to the sample. However, the poorer the access of the reaction gas to the solid sample, the greater the tendency for the reaction to shift to higher temperatures and the lower the rate of reaction (DTG). At a nitrogen-to-oxygen purge gas ratio of 95:5, the pierced DTA crucible is nearly as “fast” as the slip-on plate. With regard to the reaction behavior, the pierced DTA crucible (figure 2) and the short DTA crucible come closest to the slip-on plate, whereby sample handling for these two crucible types is significantly easier than for the slip-on plate.
The dependence of the results on the oxygen content in the purge gas is illustrated in figure 7.
The comparison of different types of Carbon BlackTemperature and atmosphere (purge gas) affect the mass change results. By changing the atmosphere from, e.g., nitrogen to air during the TGA measurement, separation and quantification of additives, e.g., carbon black, and the bulk polymer can become possible.carbon black shows significant differences among all of the characteristic values to be determined such as Thermal StabilityA material is thermally stable if it does not decompose under the influence of temperature. One way to determine the thermal stability of a substance is to use a TGA (thermogravimetric analyzer). thermal stability, combustion temperature, rate of combustion and residual mass (figures 8 and 9).
Conclusion:
The influential factors described would be important for any kind of evaluation and interpretation of measurement results. They are, however, virtually essential for drawing conclusions about combustion kinetics. This is because the objective of such evaluations must be to describe the combustion reaction in and of itself, not a combination of the combustion reaction with overlapping boundary conditions from the test set-up.
Literature
1] Protective Anti-OxidationOxidation can describe different processes in the context of thermal analysis.Oxidation Coatings for Hot Gas Piping Systems and Their Characterization by Means of a High-Speed Furnace, Thomas Hutsch et.al., NETZSCH OnSet10, p. 6 – 9